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1.
Pesqui. bras. odontopediatria clín. integr ; 23: e220041, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1507029

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the behaviour and stress of children undergoing restorative treatment with and without sedation. Material and Methods: Participants were 14 healthy children aged between 2.5 and 6 years and with a history of dental behavioural management problems. In the dental treatment visit, the child was treated with non-pharmacological techniques, and in the second, moderate sedation was added. The child received the same procedure performed by a paediatric dentist in both visits: composite resin restoration using local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation. In both visits, saliva was collected at the children's arrival at the dental clinic, during local anaesthesia and at the end of treatment. The visits were filmed for later analysis of behaviour according to the Ohio State University Behavioural Rating Scale. Results: About 78.5% of children improved their behaviour from the first to the second visit. The salivary cortisol curve of the first visit was maintained in the second visit for 21.4% of children but varied in the remaining participants. Conclusion: Most children presented better behaviour and less stress when sedation was added to non-pharmacological techniques during dental care.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Midazolam/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation , Dental Anxiety/psychology , Dental Care for Children/psychology
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(2): 237-241, feb. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389432

ABSTRACT

Background: Benzodiazepines are used for perioperative conscious sedation. However, its use may be associated with paradoxical reactions. The known risk factors for these reactions are age, alcohol and drug abuse and psychiatric disorders. Aim: To assess the incidence and impact of risk factors of paradoxical reactions to midazolam. Material and Methods: Cross sectional study of 218 patients aged 50 ± 16 years (51% women) scheduled for elective surgical procedures under regional anesthesia and midazolam sedation. The paradoxical reactions were classified according to their severity in three categories. Results: The incidence of paradoxical reactions to midazolam was 8.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0-12.7). All were mild and only 28% of the affected patients required pharmacological treatment, none of them flumazenil. A multivariable logistic regression model showed that the variables independently associated with a paradoxical reaction to midazolam were the use of psychoactive medications (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.4 [1.1-11], p = 0.04, and the dose of midazolam (OR 1.35 [1.03-1.78], p = 0.03. Conclusions: The incidence of paradoxical reactions to midazolam was 8,3% and all were mild. Their risk factors are the use of psychoactive medications and the use of higher doses of midazolam.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Midazolam/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Cross-Sectional Studies , Flumazenil , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects
3.
Rev. gaúch. enferm ; 41: e20190068, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1139159

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the prevalence of delirium and its subsyndrome in intensive care and to associate it with the use of sedative and analgesia, severity and mortality. Method: Carried out in two intensive care units of adult patients, this is a quantitative and transversal study, with 157 patients, using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale to assess the level of sedation and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist for delirium. The T test and Chi-square test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of delirium was 22.3%, and 49.7% of the subsyndrome. Associations of the use of midazolam with the presence of delirium (p=0.05) and subsyndromal delirium (p<0.01), use of clonidine with the appearance of delirium (p<0.01) and of fentanyl with subsyndromal delirium (p=0.09). There were no significant differences between the mortality of patients with delirium (p=0.40) and subsyndromal delirium (p=0.86), as well as association with the mortality score. Conclusion: The use of sedoanalgesia is associated with the presence of delirium and subsyndromal delirium. No significant statistical associations were found between the severity and mortality scores.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia del delirio y su subsíndrome en pacientes de cuidados intensivos y asociarlos con el uso de la sedoanalgesia, con la gravedad y con la mortalidad. Método: Realizado en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos de pacientes adultos, se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, con 157 pacientes, utilizando las escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (Escala de agitación-sedación de Richmond) para evaluar el nivel de sedación y la de la Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (Lista de verificación para la detección del delirio en cuidados intensivos) para el delirio. Se aplicaron las pruebas de T y Chi-cuadrado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: La prevalencia del delirio fue del 22,3%, y la del subsíndrome fue del 49,7%. Se han encontrado asociaciones del uso de midazolan con la presencia de delirio (p = 0,05) y del deilirio subsindromático (p < 0,01), del uso de clonidina con la aparición de delirio (p < 0,01) y de fentanil con el delirio subsindromático (p = 0,09). No se registraron diferencias significativas entre la mortalidad de los pacientes con delirio (p = 0,40) y el delirio. Conclusión: El uso de sedoanalgesia se asocia con la presencia de delirio y delirio subsindromático. No se encontraron asociaciones estadísticas significativas entre la gravedad y las puntuaciones de mortalidad.


RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer a prevalência do delirium e sua subsíndrome em pacientes de terapia intensiva e associar com uso de sedoanalgesia, gravidade e mortalidade. Método: Realizado em duas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de pacientes adultos, trata-se de estudo quantitativo e transversal, com 157 pacientes, utilizando as escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale para avaliação do nível de sedação e Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist para delirium. Foi aplicado o teste t e qui-quadrado para análise estatística. Resultados: A prevalência de delirium foi 22,3% e da subsíndrome 49,7%. Foram encontradas associações do uso de midazolan com a presença de delirium (p=0,05) e delirium subsindromático (p<0,01), uso de clonidina com o aparecimento de delirium (p<0,01) e de fentanil com o delirium subsindromático (p=0,09). Não houve diferenças significativas entre mortalidade de paciente com delirium (p=0,40) e delirium subsindromático (p= 0,86), bem como associação com o escore de mortalidade. Conclusão: O uso de sedoanalgesia está associado à presenta de delirium e delirium subsindromático. Não foram encontradas associações estatísticas significativas entre os escores de gravidade e mortalidade.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Critical Care/statistics & numerical data , Delirium/epidemiology , Analgesics/adverse effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Midazolam/adverse effects , Midazolam/therapeutic use , Chi-Square Distribution , Propofol/administration & dosage , Propofol/adverse effects , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Clonidine/adverse effects , Delirium/chemically induced , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Intensive Care Units
4.
Rev. gaúch. enferm ; 41: e20190068, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1101683

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the prevalence of delirium and its subsyndrome in intensive care and to associate it with the use of sedative and analgesia, severity and mortality. Method: Carried out in two intensive care units of adult patients, this is a quantitative and transversal study, with 157 patients, using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale to assess the level of sedation and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist for delirium. The T test and Chi-square test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of delirium was 22.3%, and 49.7% of the subsyndrome. Associations of the use of midazolam with the presence of delirium (p=0.05) and subsyndromal delirium (p<0.01), use of clonidine with the appearance of delirium (p<0.01) and of fentanyl with subsyndromal delirium (p=0.09). There were no significant differences between the mortality of patients with delirium (p=0.40) and subsyndromal delirium (p=0.86), as well as association with the mortality score. Conclusion: The use of sedoanalgesia is associated with the presence of delirium and subsyndromal delirium. No significant statistical associations were found between the severity and mortality scores.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia del delirio y su subsíndrome en pacientes de cuidados intensivos y asociarlos con el uso de la sedoanalgesia, con la gravedad y con la mortalidad. Método: Realizado en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos de pacientes adultos, se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, con 157 pacientes, utilizando las escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (Escala de agitación-sedación de Richmond) para evaluar el nivel de sedación y la de la Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (Lista de verificación para la detección del delirio en cuidados intensivos) para el delirio. Se aplicaron las pruebas de T y Chi-cuadrado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: La prevalencia del delirio fue del 22,3%, y la del subsíndrome fue del 49,7%. Se han encontrado asociaciones del uso de midazolan con la presencia de delirio (p = 0,05) y del deilirio subsindromático (p < 0,01), del uso de clonidina con la aparición de delirio (p < 0,01) y de fentanil con el delirio subsindromático (p = 0,09). No se registraron diferencias significativas entre la mortalidad de los pacientes con delirio (p = 0,40) y el delirio. Conclusión: El uso de sedoanalgesia se asocia con la presencia de delirio y delirio subsindromático. No se encontraron asociaciones estadísticas significativas entre la gravedad y las puntuaciones de mortalidad.


RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer a prevalência do delirium e sua subsíndrome em pacientes de terapia intensiva e associar com uso de sedoanalgesia, gravidade e mortalidade. Método: Realizado em duas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de pacientes adultos, trata-se de estudo quantitativo e transversal, com 157 pacientes, utilizando as escalas Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale para avaliação do nível de sedação e Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist para delirium. Foi aplicado o teste t e qui-quadrado para análise estatística. Resultados: A prevalência de delirium foi 22,3% e da subsíndrome 49,7%. Foram encontradas associações do uso de midazolan com a presença de delirium (p=0,05) e delirium subsindromático (p<0,01), uso de clonidina com o aparecimento de delirium (p<0,01) e de fentanil com o delirium subsindromático (p=0,09). Não houve diferenças significativas entre mortalidade de paciente com delirium (p=0,40) e delirium subsindromático (p= 0,86), bem como associação com o escore de mortalidade. Conclusão: O uso de sedoanalgesia está associado à presenta de delirium e delirium subsindromático. Não foram encontradas associações estatísticas significativas entre os escores de gravidade e mortalidade.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Critical Care/statistics & numerical data , Delirium/epidemiology , Analgesics/adverse effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Midazolam/adverse effects , Midazolam/therapeutic use , Chi-Square Distribution , Propofol/administration & dosage , Propofol/adverse effects , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Clonidine/administration & dosage , Clonidine/adverse effects , Delirium/chemically induced , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Intensive Care Units
5.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 38(3): 407-416, jul.-set. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-973993

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción. Las interacciones farmacológicas ocurren con mayor frecuencia en las unidades de cuidados intensivos que en otros servicios. Sin embargo, en Colombia son pocos los estudios en que se han evaluado en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Objetivos. Caracterizar las potenciales interacciones farmacológicas en las prescripciones de pacientes hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos y determinar los factores asociados con su aparición. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos, durante un periodo de siete meses. Las prescripciones diarias se evaluaron en busca de potenciales interacciones farmacológicas mediante el programa Lexicomp™. Se calculó la incidencia de interacciones, se clasificaron según su tipo, gravedad y grado de documentación, y se evaluaron los factores asociados con su aparición mediante regresión logística. Resultados. La proporción de pacientes con por lo menos una interacción fue de 84 %, en tanto que el 87 % presentó más de una interacción; la mediana fue de seis interacciones por paciente. La más frecuente fue entre el fentanilo y el midazolam (23 %). Las interacciones de gravedad y grado de documentación moderados fueron las más frecuentes (77,6 y 52,6 %, respectivamente). El fármaco índice más frecuente fue el midazolam (12 %) y el precipitante más frecuente, el fentanilo (10,6 %). La edad (odds ratio, OR=3,1) y el número de medicamentos (OR=11,8), se asociaron con la aparición de interacciones. Conclusiones. Dada su elevada frecuencia y potencial impacto negativo es importante vigilar sistemáticamente las prescripciones en cuidados intensivos para detectar las interacciones, con el fin de contribuir al uso racional de los medicamentos y a mejorar la calidad de la atención.


Abstract Introduction: Drug-drug interactions occur more frequently in intensive care units than in other services. However, in Colombia, there are few studies on this problem in critically ill patients. Objectives: To characterize potential drug-drug interactions generated from prescriptions during hospitalization in an intensive care unit and to determine factors associated with their onset. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort was assembled with patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit for a seven-month period. The daily prescription was assessed for potential drugdrug interactions using the Lexicomp® program. We calculated the incidence of interactions, classified them by type, severity, and level of documentation, and evaluated the factors associated with their onset using logistic regression. Results: The proportion of patients with at least one interaction was 84% while 87% had more than one interaction; the median was six interactions per patient. The most frequent was fentanyl and midazolam (23%). Moderate interactions were the most frequent by severity (77.6%) and by documentation (52.6%). The most common index and precipitating drugs were midazolam (12%) and fentanyl (10.6%), respectively. Age (OR=3.1) and the number of drugs (OR=11.8) were associated with the occurrence of interactions. Conclusions: Given their high frequency and potential negative impact, the systematic monitoring of prescriptions in intensive care units to detect interactions is important. Such monitoring contributes to the rational use of medicines and to improve the quality of care.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Drug Interactions , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical data , Potassium Chloride/adverse effects , Potassium Chloride/pharmacology , Midazolam/adverse effects , Midazolam/pharmacology , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Fentanyl/pharmacology , Incidence , Retrospective Studies , Colombia , Enoxaparin/adverse effects , Enoxaparin/pharmacology , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data
6.
Rehabil. integral (Impr.) ; 13(1): 8-13, jul. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-966122

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Los pacientes no cooperadores con trastorno neuromotor generan dificultad para realizar tratamientos dentales y exámenes diagnósticos. En el Instituto Teletón de Santiago estos procedimientos se realizan bajo sedación, por profesional no anestesiólogo. Se administra midazolam para sedación leve o moderada (nivel II a IV, escala de Ramsay), guiada por un protocolo específico. Las reacciones adversas al medicamento en pacientes con discapacidad neuromotora es-tán escasamente documentadas en los últimos 10 años en la literatura. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de reacciones ad-versas a la administración de midazolam endovenoso o intramuscular en pacientes con trastorno neuromotor, no cooperado-res que requieren sedación para recibir tratamientos dentales y otros procedimientos como potencial evocado visual (PEV), potencial evocado auditivo (BERA) y toma de moldes para órtesis de tronco y extremidades. Material y Método: Estudio de vigilancia farmacológica, basado en 389 registros de sedación de la Unidad de Enfermería del Instituto Teletón de Santiago, en los años 2014 y 2015. Se consignaron las variables: vía de administración, tipo de procedimiento, presencia de reacción adversa, tipo de reacción adversa. Resultados: De los 389 procedimientos de sedación, 255 (65,5%) fueron para atención dental; 83% utilizó vía endovenosa; se registraron 10 (2,6%) eventos de reacción adversa, de los cuales 6 fueron reacción paradojal, 3 hipotensión, 1 taquicardia y 1 evento de desaturación a 60%. Conclusión: Midazolam usado sin asociación con otro medicamento, siguiendo protocolos de administración y vigilancia, es una alternativa segura para la sedación leve a mo-derada, administrado por profesional no anestesiólogo, ocasionando mínimas reacciones adversas. Palabras clave: Midazolam, sedación consciente, efectos adversos, odontopediatría.(AU)


Introduction: It is difficult to perform dental treatment and diagnostic examinations in non-cooperative patients with neuro-motor disorders. At Teletón Institute in Santiago, Chile, these procedures are performed while the patient is under seda-tion, administered by non-anesthesiologist health professionals. Midazolam is used for mild or moderate sedation (level II to IV, Ramsay scale), guided by a specific protocol. Side effects and adverse drug reactions in patients with neuro-motor disabili-ties are scarcely documented for the last 10 years. Objective: To establish the incidence of side effects after the administration of intravenous or intramuscular Midazolam in non-cooperative patients with neuromotor disorders, requiring sedation in order to receive dental treatment and other procedures such as visual evoked potentials (VEP), brain-stem evoked response audio-metry (BERA) and for the preparation of custom made trunk and limb orthoses. Materials and Methods: Drug surveillance study, based on 389 sedation records of the nurses' unit at Teleton Institute in Santiago, Chile during 2014 and 2015. The fo-llowing variables were recorded: route of administration, procedure, adverse drug reaction, and type of reaction. Results: Of 389 sedation procedures, 255 (65.5%) were for dental treatment; 83% were administered intravenously; 10 adverse drug reac-tion events (2.6%) were recorded: paradoxical reactions (6), low blood pressure (3), tachycardia (1) and 60% oxygen desatura-tion (1). Conclusion: Isolated use of midazolam, in compliance with administration and surveillance protocols, is a safe alter-native for mild to moderate sedation, administered by non-anesthesiologist health professionals, showing minimum adverse effects. Key words: Midazolam, conscious sedation, adverse effects, pediatric dentistry.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Midazolam/adverse effects , Dental Care , Disabled Persons , Conscious Sedation , Anesthetics, Intravenous/adverse effects , Pharmacovigilance
7.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 67(4): 347-354, July-aug. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-897741

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: Sedative and analgesic treatment administered to critically ill patients need to be regularly assessed to ensure that previously stated goals are well achieved as the risk of complications of oversedation is minimized. We revised and prospectively tested the Ramsay Sedation scale (RSS) for interrater reliability and compared it with the Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) to test construct validity during midazolam-remifentanil sedation. Methods: A convenience sample of ICU patients was simultaneously and independently examined by pairs of trained evaluators by using the revised SAS, RSS, and RASS. Ninety-two ICU patients were examined a total of 276 times by evaluator pairs. Results: The mean patient age was 61.32 ± 18.68 years, 45,7% were female (n = 42), 54.3% male (n = 50). Their APACHE values varied between 3 and 39 with an average of 13.27 ± 7.86 and 75% of the cases were under mechanical ventilation. When classified by using RSS (2.70 ± 1.28), 10.9% were anxious or agitated (RSS1), 68.5% were calm (RSS 2-3), and 20.6% were sedated (RSS 4-6). When classified by using RASS (-0.64 ± 1.58), 20.7% were anxious or agitated (RASS+1 to +4), 63.0% were calm (RASS 0 to -2), and 16.3% were sedated (RASS -3 to -5). When classified by using SAS (2.63 ± 1.00), 12% were anxious or agitated (SAS 5-7), 57.6% were calm (SAS 4), and 30.4% were sedated (SAS 1-3). RSS was correlated with the SAS (r = -0.656, p < 0.001) and RASS was correlated with the SAS (r = 0.565, p < 0.001). RSS was highly correlated with the RASS (r = -0.664, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Ramsay is both reliable and valid (high correlation with the RASS and SAS scales) in assessing agitation and sedation in adult ICU patients.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O tratamento de pacientes em estado crítico com sedativos e analgésicos deve ser regularmente avaliado para garantir que as metas pré-definidas sejam atingidas, bem como minimizar o risco de complicações resultantes de sedação em excesso. Conduzimos uma revisão e testamos prospectivamente a Escala de Sedação de Ramsay (Ramsay Sedation Scale [RSS]) para a confiabilidade interavaliador e a comparamos com a Escala de Sedação e Agitação de Riker (Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale [RRSAS]) e a Escala de Sedação e Agitação de Richmond (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale [RASS]) para testar a validade de construto durante a sedação com midazolam-remifentanil. Métodos: Uma amostra de conveniência de pacientes de UTI foi simultânea e independentemente examinada por pares de avaliadores treinados com o uso das escalas revisadas RRSAS, RSS e RASS. Foram examinados 92 pacientes de UTI por pares de avaliadores em 276 momentos. Resultados: A média dos pacientes foi de 61,32 ± 18,68 anos; 45,7% eram do sexo feminino (n = 42) e 54,3% do masculino (n = 50). Seus escores APACHE variaram entre 3-39, com média de 13,27 ± 7,86, e 75% dos casos receberam ventilação mecânica. Quando RSS foi usada para a classificação (2,70 ± 1,28), 10,9% dos pacientes estavam ansiosos ou agitados (RSS1), 68,5% estavam calmos (RSS 2 a 3) e 20,6% estavam sedados (RSS 4 a 6). Quando RASS foi usada para a classificação (-0,64 ± 1,58), 20,7% dos pacientes estavam ansiosos ou agitados (RASS +1 a +4), 63,0% estavam calmos (RASS 0 a -2) e 16,3% estavam sedados (RASS -3 a -5). Quando RSAS foi usada para a classificação (2,63 ± 1,00), 12% dos pacientes estavam ansiosos ou agitados (RSAS 5 a 7), 57,6% estavam calmos (RSAS 4) e 30,4% estavam sedados (RSAS 1 a 3). Houve correlação de RSS com RSAS (r = -0,656, p < 0,001) e de RASS com RSAS (r = 0,565, p < 0,001). Houve forte correlação de RSS com RASS (r = -0,664, p < 0,001). Conclusões: A RSS é confiável e válida (forte correlação com RASS e RSAS) para avaliar a sedação e agitação em pacientes adultos internados em UTI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Psychomotor Agitation/diagnosis , Midazolam/adverse effects , Akathisia, Drug-Induced/diagnosis , Deep Sedation , Remifentanil/adverse effects , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Severity of Illness Index , Observer Variation , Prospective Studies , Correlation of Data , Middle Aged
8.
J. coloproctol. (Rio J., Impr.) ; 37(1): 31-37, Jan.-Mar. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-841306

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the safety degree of drugs used in colonoscopy during conscious sedation in patients developing respiratory depression. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study that evaluated 1120 patients who underwent colonoscopy between February 2015 and February 2016. Physical characteristics, surgical history and previous colonoscopies, indication and conditions of the current examination, fentanyl and midazolam doses and subsequent complications were analyzed. Level of significance: p < 0.05. Chi-square test was used for association of categorical variables, whereas Student's t test was used to compare means and Spearman's coefficient for correlation. Results: There were 661 female (59%) and 459 (41%) male patients, with a mean age of 54.90 (20-87) years and BMI of 27.00 (14.5-45.4). Of the 1120 patients, only 2 (0.2%) had respiratory depression, reversed with lanexat. Patients who had complications were of both genders, with a body mass index of 21.25 and 28.7. There was a correlation between the required dose of fentanyl and age (p < 0.001 to −0.121 Spearman's coefficient), as well as midazolam (p < 0.001 - Spearman's coefficient −0.452) and increasing age was associated with a lower dose of the drug. Conclusion: The number of patients with complications was 0.17%. The age of the patient showed an inverse association, i.e., the older the patient, the lower the required dose of medication. The drugs used in colonoscopy show a high degree of safety, corroborating their frequent use for superficial/conscious sedation in this procedure.


RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o grau de segurança dos fármacos utilizados na colonoscopia sob sedação superficial em pacientes que desencadeiam depressão respiratória. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal, que avaliou 1.120 pacientes que realizaram colonoscopia entre Fevereiro de 2015 e Fevereiro de 2016. Analisaram-se características físicas, histórico cirúrgico e colonoscopias prévias, indicação e condições do exame atual, dose de fentanil e midazolam e complicações apresentadas. Nível de significância adotado: p < 0,05. Utilizou-se teste Qui-quadrado para associação de variáveis categóricas, teste t de Student para comparação de médias e coeficiente de Spearman para correlação. Resultados: Foram 661 pacientes do sexo feminino (59%) e 459 (41%) do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 54,90 (20-87) anos e IMC de 27,00 (14,5-45,4). Dos 1120 pacientes, apenas 2 (0,2%) exibiram depressão respiratória revertida com lanexate. Os pacientes que apresentaram complicação eram de sexos diferentes, com índices de massa corpórea de 21,25 e 28,7. Houve correlação entre a dose necessária de fentanil e a idade (p < 0,001 - coef Spearmann - 0.121), assim como a de midazolam (p < 0,001 - coef Spearmann - 0.452), sendo que com o aumento da idade se correlacionou com uma menor dose utilizada de medicamento. Conclusão: O número de pacientes que apresentaram alguma complicação foi 0,17%. A idade do paciente tem associação inversa, quanto maior a idade do paciente, menor é a dose necessária de medicamentos. Verifica-se alto grau de segurança dos medicamentos utilizados na colonoscopia, corroborando sua utilização frequente para a sedação superficial/consciente neste procedimento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Midazolam/adverse effects , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation , Colonoscopy/methods , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/administration & dosage
9.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 67(6): 1572-1580, nov.-dez. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-768164

ABSTRACT

Lesões no miocárdio, causadas por baixa perfusão e oxigenação cardíaca, podem ser ocasionadas por fármacos anestésicos, como a cetamina. Essas lesões podem ser identificadas por meio de biomarcadores específicos e, dentre estes, destaca-se a troponina I. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações cardiovasculares com base nos valores de troponina I (TnI), eletrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiograma em gatos sedados com cetamina e midazolam, suplementados ou não com oxigênio. Utilizaram-se 12 gatos machos, hígidos, nos quais se avaliaram os valores de troponina I, eletro e ecocardiografia, frequência cardíaca (FC) e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) no momento basal (M0). Na sequência, os animais foram sedados com a associação de 10mg.kg-1 de cetamina e 0,5mg.kg-1 de midazolam pela via intramuscular. Decorridos aproximadamente 10 minutos, os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: com e sem suplementação de oxigênio via máscara facial (GCO e GSO, respectivamente), sendo submetidos novamente aos exames citados. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas, para dosagem de TnI em seis, 12 e 24 horas após a administração dos agentes anestésicos. Não foram observadas alterações significativas na FC, na PAS e no ECG após a administração dos tratamentos em ambos os grupos. Os valores médios de TnI elevaram-se significativamente em T6 quando comparados ao basal em ambos os grupos, com médias de 0,507±0,335ng/mL no GSO e 0,777±0,505ng/mL no GCO. Na ecocardiografia, o débito cardíaco (DC) reduziu em M1 em ambos os grupos, quando comparados aos valores basais, sendo M0 0,472±0,115 e M1 0,234±0,08 no GSO e M0 0,356±0,095 e M1 0,222±0,09 no GCO, expressos em L/min. Conclui-se que a administração de cetamina e midazolam em gatos hígidos não promove alterações eletrocardiográficas, aumenta os valores de troponina I, com pico de seis horas após a administração, reduz o débito cardíaco, e que a suplementação de oxigênio 100% via máscara facial não atenua tais alterações.


Myocardium injuries caused by low myocardial oxygenation and perfusion might be induced by anesthetics agents like ketamine. These injuries can be detected by specific biomarkers and, among them, troponin I. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular changes based on troponin I (TnI) values, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography in cats sedated with ketamine and midazolam, supplemented or not with oxygen. Blood samples were collected from 12 intact male healthy cats for troponin I (T0) and they were then submitted to electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation, as well as measurements of heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (M0). Subsequently, they were ketamine-midazolam (10mg.kg-1 and 0,5 mg.kg-1 respectively) anesthetized by intramuscular route. After about 10 minutes, the animals were randomly allocated into two groups with or without oxygen supplementation (GCO or GSO, respectively), again being subjected to the tests mentioned. Blood samples for troponin I were collected at 6, 12 and 24 hours after sedation. HR, SBP and ECG did not change among groups. The TnI values rise significantly in T6 comparing to baselines in both groups (0,507±0,335 ng/mL in GSO and 0,777±0,505 ng/mL in GCO). In echocardiography, the cardiac output decreased at M1, in both groups compared to baseline (M0 0,472±0,115 and M1 0,234±0,08 in GSO and M0 0,356±0,095 and 0,222±0,09 in GCO, L/min). We concluded that ketamine and midazolam sedation in healthy cats did not cause changes electrocardiography, increase troponin I values, with an 6 hours peak after administration, reduces cardiac output and oxygen supplementation, via facial mask, did not attenuated these alterations.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cats , Ketamine/analysis , Ketamine/adverse effects , Midazolam/analysis , Midazolam/adverse effects , Troponin I/analysis , Anesthetics, Combined/analysis , Biomarkers/analysis , Electrocardiography/veterinary , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/veterinary , Heart Injuries/veterinary
10.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 26(supl.1): S18-S20, 2015. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-868970

ABSTRACT

Sedation for procedures performed outside the operating room (OR) doubles the mortality rate of procedures perfomed in the OR. The levels of sedation are: anxiolysis, moderate sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia; passing from one level to the next depending on the dose of the drug, the period of administration, the use of concomitant drugs and type of stimulus. Prevention of complications is achieved by reducing expectations, assessing and monitoring the patient, and awaiting for the effects of the drugs. Respiratory complications are the main cause of morbi-mortality associated to the use of sedation: respiratory depression induced by drugs, airway obstruction and laryngospasm. Cardiovascular complications are directly related to the level of sedation, but can also be secondary to hypoxemia, vagovagal reflexes due to distention of the gastric tract, hypotension, arrhythmia, arterial hypertension and myocardial ischemia; and anaphylaxis. Other complications can be: adverse reaction to drugs, bronchopulmonary aspiration, eye damage, mistakes in drug administration, respiratory failure, and prolonged amnesia.


La sedación para procedimientos fuera de pabellón tiene el doble de mortalidad que los pacientes de pabellón. La profundidad de sedación se divide en Ansiolisis, Sedación Moderada, Sedación Profunda y Anestesia General; pasando de un estado a otro dependiendo de dosis de droga, tiempo de administración, uso de otras drogas y estímulo. La prevención de las complicaciones se logra: bajando las expectativas, evaluando a los pacientes, monitorizando y esperando el efecto de los medicamentos. Las complicaciones respiratorias: Son la primera causa de morbimortalidad asociada al uso de sedación: depresión respiratoria inducida por drogas, obstrucción de vía aérea y espasmo laríngeo. Las complicaciones cardiovasculares: están en directa relación con la profundidad de sedación, pero pueden producirse secundariamente a hipoxemia, reflejos vagales por distensión del tubo digestivo: hipotensión, arritmias, hipertensión arterial e isquemia miocárdica; y anafilaxia. Otras Complicaciones pueden ser: reacción adversa a drogas, aspiración broncopulmonar, daño ocular, errores de administración de fármacos, tórax leñoso, amnesia prolongada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/methods , Premedication/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Deep Sedation/adverse effects , Anesthesia, General/adverse effects , Emergencies , Monitoring, Physiologic , Midazolam/adverse effects
11.
ABC., imagem cardiovasc ; 27(2): 83-86, abr.-jun. 2014. tab, graf
Article in English, Spanish, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-715142

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O ecocardiograma transesofágico é atualmente uma das principais ferramentas no diagnóstico de diversas alterações cardíacas. Para uma maior segurança e conforto na sua realização, o exame tem sido realizado sob sedação consciente moderada, sendo os benzodiazepínicos os agentes de escolha. Nessa classe de medicamentos, o midazolam é o mais utilizado, todavia não está isento de possíveis complicações relacionadas ao seu uso, como hipóxia, hipotensão, entre outras. Sabemos que grau de sedação é dose-dependente, portanto, quanto menor a dose utilizada, será menor o risco de complicações do procedimento.Objetivo: Verificar o impacto do uso do fentanil na administração endovenosa de midazolam, no intuito de avaliar eficiência de protocolo de sedação de pacientes submetidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, utilizando ambos os medicamentos. Metodologia: : Estudamos 201 pacientes (idade média de 51,5 anos, 115 homens) submetidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, com sedação por via endovenosa divididos em dois grupos: Grupo A (n = 89), seguindo protocolo definido com uso de fentanil associado ao midazolam; e Grupo B (n = 112), sem o emprego de fentanil. Comparou-se então a dosagem de midazolam administrada em ambos os grupos. Monitorização adequada dos sinais vitais foi realizada durante todo o procedimento. Resultados: A dose média de midazolam utilizada foide 2,6 ± 1,4 mg no Grupo A e de 4,0 ± 2,7 mg no Grupo B (p < 0,01). A dose de fentanil empregada foi de 66,2 ± 24,8 mcg. Não houve diferença significativa entre idade (p = 0,08) e gênero (p > 0,1) nos grupos estudados. Conclusão: O uso de fentanil na sedação para realização de ecocardiograma transesofágico associado à administração de midazolam permite a administração de uma dose menor desse benzodiazepínico.


Introduction: Transesophageal echocardiography is currently one of the main tools in the diagnosis of various cardiac abnormalities. For greater safety and comfort, the test has been performed under moderate conscious sedation and benzodiazepines were the agents of choice. In this class of drugs, midazolam is the most commonly used, however it is not free of potential complications related to its use, such as hypoxia, hypotension, among others. We know that sedation level is dose-dependent. Therefore, the lower the dose, the lower the risk of complications from the procedure.Objective: To check the impact of fentanyl in the intravenous administration of midazolam in order to assess the sedation protocol efficiency on patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography using both drugs.Methodology: We have studied 201 patients (mean age 51.5 years, 115 men) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography with intravenous sedation divided into two groups: Group A (n = 89), following the protocol with fentanyl associated with midazolam; and Group B (n = 112) without the use of fentanyl. The dose of midazolam administered in both groups was then compared. Proper monitoring of vital signs was performed throughout the procedure.Results: The mean dose of midazolam used was 2.6 ± 1.4 mg in Group A and 4.0 ± 2.7 mg in Group B (p < 0.01). The dose of fentanyl used was 66.2 ± 24.8 mcg. There was no significant difference between age (p = 0.08) and gender (p > 0.1) in the groups studied. Conclusion: The use of fentanyl in sedation for transesophageal echocardiography associated with administration of midazolam allows the administration of a lower dose of this benzodiazepine.


Introducción: El ecocardiograma transesofágico es actualmente una de las principales herramientas en el diagnóstico de diversas alteraciones cardíacas. Para una mayor seguridad y confort en su realización, el examen ha sido realizado bajo sedación conciente moderada, siendo los benzodiazepínicos los agentes de elección. En esa clase de medicamentos, el midazolam es el más utilizado, sin embargo no está exento de posibles complicaciones relacionadas a su uso, como hipoxia, hipotensión, entre otras. Sabemos que grado de sedación es dosis-dependiente, por lo tanto, cuanto menor es la dosis utilizada, será menor el riesgo de complicaciones del procedimiento.Objetivo: Verificar el impacto del uso del fentanil en la administración endovenosa de midazolam, con el propósito de evaluar eficiencia de protocolo de sedación de pacientes sometidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, utilizando ambos medicamentos.Metodología: Estudiamos 201 pacientes (edad media de 51,5 anos, 115 hombres) sometidos a ecocardiograma transesofágico, con sedación por vía endovenosa divididos en dos grupos: Grupo A (n = 89), siguiendo protocolo definido con uso de fentanil asociado al midazolam; y Grupo B (n = 112), sin el empleo de fentanil. Se comparó entonces el dosaje de midazolam administrada en ambos grupos. Monitoreo adecuado de los signos vitales fue realizada durante todo el procedimiento. Resultados: La dosis media de midazolam utilizada fue de 2,6 ± 1,4 mg en el Grupo A y de 4,0 ± 2,7 mg en el Grupo B (p < 0,01). La dosis de fentanil empleada fue de 66,2 ± 24,8 mcg. No hubo diferencia significativa entre edad (p = 0,08) y género (p > 0,1) en los grupos estudiados. Conclusión: El uso de fentanil en la sedación para realización de ecocardiograma transesofágico asociado a la administración de midazolam permite la administración de una dosis menor de ese benzodiazepínico


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/adverse effects , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Midazolam/adverse effects , Receptors, GABA-A , Body Mass Index
12.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 64(1): 16-21, Jan-Feb/2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704244

ABSTRACT

Como todos os pacientes cirúrgicos, pacientes obstétricas também sentem estresse e ansieda de operatórios. Isso pode ser prevenido se forem passadas à paciente informações detalhadas sobre sua operação e se forem administrados medicamentos farmacológicos pré-operatórios. Devido aos efeitos depressivos dos sedativos nos neonatos, os medicamentos farmacológicos são omitidos, especialmente em pacientes obstétricas. A literatura contém poucos estudos concernentes ao uso de midazolam no pré-operatório em pacientes de secção cesariana (C/S). Nosso objetivo nesse estudo foi ajudar nossas pacientes passando por cirurgia C/S. Um grupo agendado para C/S eletiva recebeu midazolam 0,025 mg kg−1 por via intraveno sa; o outro grupo recebeu salina. A ansiedade materna foi avaliada com o uso dos escores da Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) (Escala de Ansiedade e Informação Pré-operatória de Amsterdam), e os neonatos foram avaliados por Apgar e pelo instrumento Neonatal Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score (NACS) (Escore Neurológico e de Capacidade Adaptativa do Neonato). Em conclusão, os pacientes pré-medicados com midazolam 0,025 mg kg−1 medicação tiveram escores de ansiedade significativamente baixos, sem qualquer efeito adverso nos neonatos. Portanto, midazolam pode, com segurança, ser utilizado como agente de pré-medicação na cirurgia C/S.


Like all surgical patients, obstetric patients also feel operative stress and anxiety. This can be prevented by giving patients detailed information about their operation and with preoperative pharmacological medications. Because of depressive effects of sedatives on newborns, pharmacological medications are omitted, especially in obstetric patients. The literature contains few studies concerning preoperative midazolam use in Caesarian section (C/S) patients. Our aim in this study was to help patients undergoing C/S surgery. One group scheduled for elective C/S received midazolam 0.025 mg kg-1 intravenously, the other received saline. Maternal anxiety was evaluated using Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) scores, and newborns were evaluated using Apgar and the Neonatal Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score (NACS). In conclusion, patients receiving midazolam 0.025 mg kg-1 as premedication had significantly low anxiety scores, without any adverse effects on the newborns. Midazolam can therefore safely be used as a premedicative agent in C/S surgery.


Como todos los pacientes quirúrgicos, las pacientes obstétricas también sienten estrés y ansiedad operatorios. Eso puede prevenirse si se le transmiten a la paciente informaciones detalladas sobre su operación y si se administran medicamentos farmacológicos preoperatorios. Debido a los efectos depresivos de los sedativos de los neonatos, los medicamentos farmacológicos se omiten, especialmente en pacientes obstétricas. La literatura contiene pocos estudios concernientes al uso de midazolam en el preoperatorio en pacientes de sección de cesárea (C/S). Nuestro objetivo en ese estudio, fue ayudar a nuestras pacientes pasando por una cirugía C/S. Un grupo con cita para C/S electiva recibió midazolam 0,025 mg.kg-1 por vía intravenosa; el otro grupo recibió salina. La ansiedad materna se evaluó con el uso de las puntuaciones de la Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) (Escala de Ansiedad e Información Preoperatoria de Ámsterdam), y los neonatos se evaluaron por APGAR y porel instrumento Neonatal Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score (NACS) (Puntuación Neurológica y de Capacidad Adaptativa del Neonato). Como colofón, podemos decir que los pacientes premedicados con midazolam con 0,025 mg.kg-1 de medicación, alcanzaron puntuaciones de ansiedad significativamente bajas, sin ningún efecto adverso en los neonatos. Por tanto, el midazolam puede ser utilizado con seguridad como un agente de premedicación en la cirugía C/S.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Anti-Anxiety Agents/adverse effects , Fetus/drug effects , Midazolam/adverse effects , Premedication , Cesarean Section
13.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 33(9): 1125-1129, set. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-694062

ABSTRACT

A falta de protocolos de sedação seguros para uso em papagaios na literatura demonstra a necessidade de conhecer os anestésicos que são eficazes nestes animais. Devido a pouca massa muscular desta espécie, notou-se a necessidade de estudar outra via de administração, menos invasiva e dolorosa ao animal, como a via intranasal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sedativos e a viabilidade da administração intranasal, em comparação à via intramuscular, de 15mg/kg de Cetamina e 1mg/kg de Midazolam. Foram utilizados 14 papagaios das espécies Amazona aestiva e Amazona vinacea, de ambos os sexos, adultos, peso médio de 388,5±29,1g. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: intramuscular (IM, n=7) e intranasal (IN, n=7). No grupo intramuscular, a administração dos anestésicos foi realizada nos músculos peitorais, utilizando seringas de insulina e no grupo intranasal, com auxílio de uma micropipeta. Avaliou-se o período de latência, tempo de duração, qualidade de sedação, e o tempo de recuperação total. A média para o período de latência no grupo IM foi de 6,13±2,02 minutos e no grupo IN de 4,84±2,37 minutos. Já para o tempo de duração da sedação no grupo IM a média foi de 35,81±29,56 e no grupo IN de 24,52±14,83 minutos. Ambas as vias promoveram sedação adequada, pois a média do escore da qualidade de sedação obtida pelo grupo IM foi 2±1,5 e pelo grupo IN 1,28±1,1. O tempo de recuperação total no grupo IM foi de 27,04±11,69 e no grupo IN de 17,67±11,64 minutos. Apesar do grupo IN ter apresentado os menores tempos de período de latência, duração e de recuperação total e ter obtido melhor escore na qualidade de sedação, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que a administração de 15 mg/kg de cetamina e 1mg/kg de midazolam pela via intranasal ou intramuscular em papagaios (Amazona aestiva e Amazona vinacea) produzem sedação adequada para pequenos procedimentos como colocação de anilha, coleta de sangue e radiografias; porém a via intranasal mostrou ser uma alternativa menos invasiva quando comparado à via intramuscular.


The lack of safe sedation protocols for use in parrots in the literature, demonstrate the need to know that the anesthetics are effective in these animals. Due to low muscle mass this bird, it was noted the need to consider other routes of administration, less invasive and painful to the animal, such as intranasal. The aim of this study was to evaluate sedative effects of intranasal administration compared to intramuscular 15mg.kg-1 of Ketamine and Midazolam 1mg.kg-1. We used 14 parrots (Amazona aestiva and Amazona vinacea), adults, and mean weight of 388.5±29.1g. The animals were randomly into two groups: intramuscular (IM, n=7) and intranasal (IN, n=7). In group intramuscular, administration of anesthetics was performed in the pectoral muscles, using insulin syringes and intranasal group with a micropipette. We evaluated the latency period, duration, quality of sedation, and the total recovery time. The average for the period of latency in the IM group was 6.13±2.02 and IN group 4.84±2.37 minutes. As for the duration of sedation in the IM group was 35.81±29.56 and in IN group 24.52±14.83 minutes. Both pathways promoted adequate sedation, the mean score for the quality of sedation obtained by the IM group was 2±1.5 and 1.28±1.1 in the IN group. The total recovery time in the IM group was 27.04±11.69 and 17.67±11.64 minutes in the IN group. Although the IN group the lowest times of onset, duration and full recovery and have better scores on quality of sedation, there was no statistically significant difference between groups. The results of this study indicate that administration of ketamine (15mg.kg-1) and midazolam (1mg.kg-1) intranasal or intramuscular in parrots (Amazona aestiva/Amazona vinacea) produce adequate sedation for minor procedures, but the intranasal route could be an alternative less invasive when compared to intramuscular injection.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anesthetics/standards , Ketamine/adverse effects , Midazolam/adverse effects , Parrots/physiology , Administration, Intranasal/veterinary , Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary , Guidelines as Topic/methods
14.
Clinics ; 67(7): 827-830, July 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-645458

ABSTRACT

Patients who have suffered burns frequently experience psychological consequences, among which anxiety disorders are prominent. Benzodiazepines are commonly administered to treat these symptoms. The effects of benzodiazepines on healing may not be direct but rather are modulated by alterations of the sleep architecture. This hypothesis is supported by studies that demonstrate the effects of benzodiazepines on the immune system and the inflammatory profile under both normal sleep conditions and during sleep deprivation, particularly rapid eye movement sleep deprivation.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Rats , Anti-Anxiety Agents/adverse effects , Burns/psychology , Midazolam/adverse effects , Wound Healing/drug effects , Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy , Anxiety Disorders/immunology , Burns/immunology , Sleep Deprivation/drug therapy , Sleep Deprivation/immunology , Stress, Psychological/drug therapy , Stress, Psychological/immunology , Wound Healing/immunology , Wound Healing/physiology
15.
Acta cir. bras ; 26(4): 303-309, July-Aug. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-594351

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the efficacy of oral midazolam with two different dosages in orange juice on perioperative hemodynamics and behavioral changes in children who underwent skin laser treatment in an academic educational Hospital. METHODS: Ninety children, candidates for skin laser treatment were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups of 30 each: the placebo group received 0.1 ml/kg orange flavored juice, group 2 and 3 receiving 0.5 and 1 mg/kg of injectable midazolam mixed with an equal volume of orange juice, respectively. The main outcome measures included the mask acceptance, patients' behavioral scales and postoperative events. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure among the three groups. However, arterial oxygen saturation was significantly reduced in those given 1 mg.kg-1 midazolam. The median scores of anxiety, separation from parent, preparing an intravenous line, acceptance of the oxygen mask, good sedation, crying reduction and consciousness level were better in midazolam group. Postoperative agitation and re-crying were also more frequent in placebo receivers. Those given 1 mg.kg-1 midazolam were significantly more optimal for sedation, crying, consciousness, preparing an intravenous line, and postoperative re-crying compared with 0.5 mg.kg-1 midazolam receivers. CONCLUSION: As a preanaesthetic medication, the 1 mg.kg-1 dose of orally given midazolam especially in a volume of orange juice and can optimize the children's behavior during skin laser treatment with no serious adverse effects, enhancing their parents' satisfactions about the sedative protocol.


OBJETIVO:Investigar e comparar a eficácia do uso oral de midazolam com duas diferentes doses de suco de laranja na hemodinâmica peropeatória e mudanças de desempenho em crianças submetidas tratamento de pele por laser em Hospital educacional e acadêmico. MÉTODOS:Noventa crianças candidatas a tratamento de pele por laser foram distribuídas aleatóriamente em três grupos de 30 cada: o grupo placebo recebeu 0.1mg/kg de suco de laranja, grupos dois e três receberam 0.5 e 1mg/kg de midazolam injetável misturado em igual volume de suco de laranja respectivamente. Os principais registros incluíam a aceitação da máscara, escalas de comportamento e eventos pós-operatórios. RESULTADOS:Não houve diferenças significantes cardíacas, respiratórias e pressão sanguinea sistólica nos três grupos. Contudo, o nível de saturação de oxigênio foi reduzido significantemente nos que receberam 1mg.kg-1 de midazolam. Os níveis médios de ansiedade, separação dos pais, preparo intravenoso, aceitação da máscara de oxigênio, boa sedação, redução do choro e nível de consciência, foram melhores no grupo midazolam. Agitação pós-operatória e retorno do chora foi mais freqüente nos que receberam placebo. Observou-se que o grupo que recebeu 1mg.kg-1 foi melhor comparado ao que recebeu 0.5mg.kg-1. CONCLUSÃO:Como medicação pré-anestésica na dose de 1mg.kg-1 de midazolam, fornecida em igual volume de suco de laranja, é satisfatória no comportamento de crianças durante tratamento de pele por laser, proporcionando satisfação dos pais.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Laser Therapy , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Preanesthetic Medication , Skin/surgery , Administration, Oral , Beverages , Citrus sinensis , Double-Blind Method , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Midazolam/adverse effects , Perioperative Period , Preanesthetic Medication/adverse effects , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
16.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 33(1): 30-39, Mar. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-584104

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of intramuscular olanzapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol plus promethazine, haloperidol plus midazolam and haloperidol alone as the first medication(s) used to treat patients with agitation and aggressive behavior. METHOD: One hundred fifty patients with agitation caused by psychotic or bipolar disorder were randomly assigned under double-blind conditions to receive olanzapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol plus midazolam, haloperidol plus promethazine or haloperidol alone. The Overt Agitation Severity Scale, Overt Aggression Scale and Ramsay Sedation Scale were applied within 12 hours after the first dosage. RESULTS: All medications produced a calming effect within one hour of administration, but only olanzapine and haloperidol reduced agitation by less than 10 points, and only olanzapine reduced aggression by less than four points in the first hour. After twelve hours, only patients treated with haloperidol plus midazolam had high levels of agitation and aggression and also more side effects. Ziprasidone, olanzapine and haloperidol alone had more stable results for agitation control, while ziprasidone, haloperidol plus promethazine and olanzapine had stable results for aggression control. CONCLUSION: Olanzapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol plus promethazine, haloperidol plus midazolam and haloperidol were effective in controlling agitation and aggression caused by mental illness over 12 hours. Although all the drugs had advantages and disadvantages, haloperidol plus midazolam was associated with the worst results in all the observed parameters.


OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia da olanzapina, ziprasidona, haloperidol associado ao midazolam, haloperidol associado à prometazina e haloperidol isoladamente por via intramuscular como primeira escolha no tratamento de pacientes em agitação e agressividade. MÉTODO: Cento e cinquenta pacientes com agitação psicomotora por transtorno psicótico ou transtorno bipolar foram recrutados para estudo duplo-cego e receberam olanzapina, ziprasidona, haloperidol associado a midazolam, haloperidol associado a prometazina ou haloperidol isoladamente. Foram aplicadas as escalas Overt Agitation Severity Scale, Overt Aggression Scale e Ramsay Sedation Scale no período de 12 horas após a primeira aplicação. RESULTADOS: Todas as medicações foram capazes de acalmar os pacientes após uma hora da administração. Apenas a olanzapina e o haloperidol reduziram a agitação para menos de 10 pontos e apenas a olanzapina reduziu a agressividade para menos de quatro pontos nesse período. Doze horas depois, apenas o haloperidol com midazolam apresentou valores altos para a agitação e agressividade, e também esteve relacionado com maior proporção de efeitos colaterais. A ziprasidona, a olanzapina e o haloperidol apresentaram resultados mais estáveis para o controle da agitação e a ziprasidona, haloperidol associado a prometazina e olanzapina para o controle da agressividade. CONCLUSÃO: A olanzapina, a ziprasidona, o haloperidol associado a prometazina, o haloperidol associado ao midazolam e o haloperidol isoladamente foram efetivos no controle da agitação e da agressividade secundária a transtornos mentais dentro de 12 horas. Todas as drogas apresentaram vantagens e desvantagens, exceto pela associação haloperidol e midazolam que demonstrou os piores resultados em todos os parâmetros.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Antipsychotic Agents/administration & dosage , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Psychomotor Agitation/drug therapy , Psychotic Disorders/drug therapy , Aggression , Benzodiazepines/administration & dosage , Benzodiazepines/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects , Drug Therapy, Combination/methods , Emergency Services, Psychiatric , Haloperidol/administration & dosage , Haloperidol/adverse effects , Injections, Intramuscular , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Midazolam/adverse effects , Piperazines/administration & dosage , Piperazines/adverse effects , Promethazine/administration & dosage , Promethazine/adverse effects , Psychomotor Agitation/psychology , Thiazoles/administration & dosage , Thiazoles/adverse effects , Tranquilizing Agents/adverse effects
17.
Yonsei Medical Journal ; : 326-332, 2011.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-68172

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the effects of propofol and midazolam on inflammation and oxidase stress in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two ASA class I-II children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly divided into two groups: propofol combined with low dose fentanyl (PF group, n = 16) and midazolam combined with low dose fentanyl (MF group, n = 16). Tracheal extubation time and length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay were recorded. Blood samples were taken before operation (T0), at 2 h after release of the aorta cross-clamp (T3) and at 24 h after operation (T4) to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Myocardium samples were collected at 10-20 min after aorta cross-clamp (T1) and at 10-20 min after the release of the aorta cross-clamp (T2) to detect heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. RESULTS: Tracheal extubation time and length of ICU stay in PF group were significantly shorter than those of the MF group (p < 0.05, respectively). After cardiopulmonary bypass, IL-6, IL-8 and MDA levels were significantly increased, and the SOD level was significantly reduced in both two groups, but PF group exhibited lower IL-6, IL-8 and MDA levels and higher SOD levels than the MF group (p < 0.05, respectively). The HO-1 expression in the PF group was significantly higher than that in MF group at the corresponding time points (p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Propofol is superior to midazolam in reducing inflammation and oxidase stress and in improving post-operation recovery in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Anesthesia, Intravenous/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Intravenous/adverse effects , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery , Heme Oxygenase-1/blood , Inflammation/chemically induced , Interleukin-6/blood , Interleukin-8/blood , Malondialdehyde/blood , Midazolam/adverse effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Propofol/adverse effects , Superoxide Dismutase/blood
18.
Braz. j. oral sci ; 9(1): 7-10, Jan.-Mar. 2010. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-578038

ABSTRACT

Conscious sedation has become established as an important alternative to general anesthesia (GA) in dental treatment of patients with intellectual disability (ID). Aim: to investigate dental patients undergoing sedation using a mean dose of 0.6 mg/kg intravenous midazolam and the adverse events of sedation in patients with ID. Methods: This study analyzed the records of 163 dental patients with ID aged between 2 and 76 years who had undergone conscious intravenous sedation (CIV) using a mean dose of 0.61 mg/kg of midazolam at Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University, Brazil. The efficacy and complications induced by CIV were evaluated in each subject. Results: CIV was effective for dental treatment in 80% of the cases. A total of 626 dental procedures were performed. The mean treatment time was 33.9 minutes. There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between absence and presence of adverse reactions. Adverse reactions were observed in 21.47% of the cases. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that CIV is a useful method for dental treatment of patients with ID and these patients can need higher doses of sedative to reach an adequate level of sedation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Dental Care for Disabled/methods , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Intellectual Disability , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Conscious Sedation/methods , Chi-Square Distribution , Dental Anxiety , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Midazolam/adverse effects , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
19.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 93(5): 443-483, nov. 2009. tab, graf
Article in English, Spanish, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-536195

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: A ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) é um exame semi-invasivo amplamente utilizado e seu uso associado a sedativos poderá influenciar a segurança do procedimento. OBJETIVO: analisar aspectos da segurança da ETE associada ao uso de midazolam (MZ) e flumazenil (FL) e a influência de variáveis clínicas na taxa de eventos. MÉTODO: estudo prospectivo com 137 pacientes que realizaram ETE com MZ associado à sedação moderada. Analisamos as seguintes ocorrências: complicações com anestesia tópica, ao uso do MZ e complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. Análises uni e multivariada foram usadas para testar a influência das variáveis clínicas: idade, sexo, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), miocardiopatia (MP), duração do exame, insuficiência mitral (IM) e dose de MZ. RESULTADOS: todos pacientes (65±16 anos; 58 por cento masculino) completaram o exame. As doses médias de MZ e FL foram de 4,3±1,9 mg e 0,28±0,2 mg, respectivamente. A duração do exame e a fração de ejeção (FE) média foram de 16.4±6.1 minutos e 60±9 por cento, respectivamente. O evento mais comum foi a hipóxia leve (SO2<90 por cento), em 11 pacientes; 3 pacientes (2 por cento) apresentaram hipóxia transitória por obstrução da via aérea superior na passagem da sonda, enquanto 8 (5,8 por cento) apresentaram hipóxia devido ao uso do MZ. Hipotensão transitória (PAS<90 mmHg) ocorreu em 1 paciente (0,7 por cento). A análise multivariada mostrou que insuficiência mitral (IM) importante, MP (FE<45 por cento) e altas doses do MZ (>5mg) tiveram associação com tais eventos (p<0,001). A FE no grupo com MP foi de 40 por cento, ao passo que, no grupo com insuficiência mitral (IM), esse percentual foi de 44 por cento, podendo ser este um fator associado a eventos clínicos neste último grupo. CONCLUSÃO: ETE com sedação tem baixas taxas de eventos. Não se observou eventos graves e não houve a necessidade de interrupção dos exames.


BACKGROUND: TEE is a semi-invasive tool broadly used and its utilization associated to sedatives drugs might to affect the procedure safety. OBJECTIVE: to analyze aspects of TEE safety associated to the use of Midazolan (MZ) and Flumazenil (FL) and the influence of the clinical variables on the event rate. METHOD: prospective study with 137 patients that underwent TEE with MZ associated to moderate sedation. We analyzed the following events: complications related with the topical anesthesia, with MZ use and with the procedure. Uni- and multivariate analyses were used to test the influence of the clinical variables: age, sex, stroke, myocardiopathy (MP), duration of the test, mitral regurgitation (MR) and the MZ dose. RESULTS: All patients (65±16 yrs; 58 percent males) finished the examination. The mean doses of MZ and FL were 4.3±1.9 mg and 0.28±0.2 mg, respectively. The duration of the examination and the mean ejection fraction (EF) were 16.4±6.1 minutes and 60±9 percent, respectively. Mild hypoxia (SO2<90 percent) was the most common event (11 patients); 3 patients (2 percent) presented transient hypoxia due to upper airway obstruction by probe introduction and 8 (5.8 percent) due to hypoxia caused by MZ use. Transient hypotension (SAP<90mmHg) occurred in 1 patient (0.7 percent). The multivariate analysis showed that severe MR, MP (EF<45 percent) and high doses of MZ (>5mg) were associated with events (p<0.001). The EF was 40 percent, in the group with MP and 44 percent in the group with severe MR and it can be a factor associated with clinical events in the last group. CONCLUSION: TEE with sedation presents a low rate of events. There were no severe events and there was no need to interrupt the examinations.


FUNDAMENTO: La ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) es un examen semiinvasivo ampliamente utilizado y su uso asociado a sedantes puede influir sobre la seguridad del procedimiento. OBJETIVO: Analizar aspectos de la seguridad de la ETE asociada al uso de midazolam (MZ) y flumazenil (FL) y la influencia de variables clínicas en la tasa de complicaciones. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo con 137 pacientes, a quienes se realizó ETE con MZ asociado a la sedación moderada. Analizamos los siguientes eventos: complicaciones con anestesia local, relacionadas al uso de MZ y complicaciones relacionadas con el procedimiento. Se utilizaron análisis uni y multivariados para evaluar la influencia de las variables clínicas: edad, sexo, accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), miocardiopatía (MP), duración del estudio, insuficiencia mitral (IM) y dosis de MZ. RESULTADOS: Todos los pacientes (65±16 años; 58 por ciento masculino) completaron el estudio. Las dosis promedio de MZ y FL fueron de 4,3±1,9 mg y 0,28±0,2 mg, respectivamente. La duración del estudio y la fracción de eyección (FE) promedio fueron de 16.4±6.1 minutos y 60±9 por ciento, respectivamente. El evento más común fue la hipoxia leve (SO2<90 por ciento), en 11 pacientes; 3 pacientes (2 por ciento) presentaron hipoxia transitoria por obstrucción de la vía aérea superior con el pasaje de la sonda, mientras que 8 (5,8 por ciento) presentaron hipoxia debido a la utilización del MZ. Un paciente (0.7 por ciento) padeció hipotensión transitoria (PAS<90 mmHg). El análisis multivariado mostró que IM significativa, MP (FE<45 por ciento) y altas dosis de MZ (>5mg) se asociaron a tales complicaciones (p<0,001). La FE en el grupo con MP fue de 40 por ciento, mientras que, en el grupo con insuficiencia mitral, ese porcentaje fue de 44 por ciento, pudiendo ser éste un factor asociado a complicaciones clínicas en este último grupo. CONCLUSIÓN: ETE con sedación presenta bajas tasas de ...


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anesthetics, Intravenous/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/adverse effects , Flumazenil/adverse effects , Midazolam/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Hypoxia/chemically induced , Hypoxia/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods , Feasibility Studies , Flumazenil/administration & dosage , Hospitals, General , Multivariate Analysis , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/pathology , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Stroke Volume/drug effects
20.
Innov. implant. j., biomater. esthet. (Impr.) ; 4(1): 39-45, jan.-abr. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-561071

ABSTRACT

A ansiedade associada ao tratamento odontológico normalmente está associada a diversas complicações que podem terminar em emergências médicas. O seu controle se faz cada mais necessário na atualidade nos consultórios odontológicos. Dentre as várias alternativas para este fim, a opção farmacológica pelo Midazolam, um benzodiazepínico com perfil farmacocinético, meia vida curta e potência ansiolítica apropriada, faz essa molécula agregar propriedades bastante interessantes na clínica odontológica, além da segurança necessária para utilização por profissionais treinados. Esse trabalho se propõe a apresentar 258 casos clínicos de sedação consciente com Midazolam, bem como rever a literatura sobre esse benzodiazepínico e a técnica de sedação consciente, enfocando dados mais relevantes para os cirurgiões-dentistas.


The anxiety associated to the dental treatment usually is related to various complications that can result in medical emergences. Its control is, nowadays, even more necessary in dental offices. Among the various alternatives for this purpose, the pharmacology option for the Midazolam, a benzodiazepine with a pharmacokinetic action, a short half-life and an appropriate anxiolytic potency, makes this molecule aggregating properties really interesting in dental clinic, beyond of providing the necessary security for its use by trained professionals. This research aims to describe 258 cases of conscious sedation and review the literature about Midazolam and the technique of conscious sedation, focusing in the most relevant data to the dentists.


Subject(s)
Dental Anxiety , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Midazolam/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation/adverse effects , Conscious Sedation/methods
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